comment made in Chapter II, 28 Don Quixote by Cervantes
Abstract
This chapter (Volume 2, Page 243 to page 248 in collection folio Gallimard) presents a discussion or argument, or explanation, between Sancho Panza and his master. From this point of view it is closer to many other chapters of the novel. Knight and squire chatting while walking slowly, the tempo "Andante" promoting exchange words. It is also one of the many passages where the couple is preparing to spend the night under the stars in a small timber. What happens during the night is told here in one sentence only. Sancho Panza is ground and moaning because he was beaten. But the difference here, with other episodes of this type is that Don Quixote has not shared the misfortune of his valet, which is a rather rare case in the novel. Sancho has to experience that his knight has not behaved like a knight, Quixote will be challenged in the discussion, to restore its authority in the ideal et l’immuable du code contre l’expérience sensible (et douloureuse) de l’écuyer ; dialogue ou affrontement du code et de l’expérience. La confiance de Sancho en Quichotte semble ébranlée. Pourtant les deux protagonistes ne se quittent pas, pas plus ici qu’ailleurs. Ce qui les unit d’une façon plus indéfectible que le lien d’argent ou le service féodal, c’est le désir, toujours renouvelé, du dialogue.
Plan
I – Le code contre l’expérience sensible
1- L’écuyer fait l’expérience de loneliness
2 - It summarizes the adventures of the realistic point of view and interested
3 - Quixote is the exegesis of his act and admonishes Sancho
II - Faith vs. salary
1 - Sancho is lost between reality and fiction, valet and esquire
2 - The accounts of Sancho wacky
3 - The world of "memorias" of the faith and promises continued its course
III - The relationship of dialogue
1 - Rather than the sea of silence and separation dialogues
2 - equality and inequality conditions dialogue
3 - Dialogue, education and self-awareness
Conclusion
Full text
This chapter (Volume 2, page 243 to Page 248 in collection folio Gallimard) under amusingly trivial (like the title of II, 9) has a discussion or argument, or explanation, between Sancho Panza and his master. From this point of view it is closer to many other chapters of the novel, in the first or the second part: I, 18; I, 31; II, 7, etc.. Here, as in many other passages, therefore, knight and squire chatting while walking slowly, the tempo "Andante" promoting the exchange of words. It is also one of the many passages where the couple is preparing to spend the night under the stars in a small timber, which is in sight from the beginning of the chapter and they reach the end ("By holding this speech they entered the woods, "p. 248). It is not, however, a night like that episode where they are afraid of being fulling hammers (I, 20): what happens during the night is told here in one sentence only. It is however one of these Many times the story where Sancho Panza is ground and moaning because he was beaten. But the difference here, with other episodes of this type is that Don Quixote has not shared the misfortune of his valet, which is a rather rare case in the novel.
But what is special about the episode and the tenor of the meeting between knight and squire, is that whoever is now the "Knight of the Lions," and indeed has shown extreme courage the adventure of the lions (II, 17) - this knight then fled from the danger, as he is told Chapter 27, and as noted by the first two sentences of Chapter 28. He "took to their heels" ("Puso magpies in polvorosa"), he emptied the place that is yet one that the knight should never leave: the "campo", a place of encounters and battles. Flee, it is obviously a knight must not do if he wants to model and mirror of knights, a knight without spot: it seems that Quixote has failed, he acted contrary to the Act that he plays himself (and he alone in his time), with the code of ancient chivalry. It's about this serious failure that engages the debate between Quixote and Sancho, a discussion which goes through all sorts of avatars to the end of the episode, so that this chapter may indeed be regarded as one of dialogue and more of "dialogism" in a sense, that described by Bakhtin, we try to analyze the last part of the commentary.
But first we will read the passage, at first, from the failure of Quixote, what may be termed as the name (learned) that he himself uses as a weapon cons Sancho Panza (p. 247): his "transgression . Sancho has done here, the experience that his knight has not behaved like a knight, Quixote will be challenged in the discussion, to restore its authority in the ideal and the immutable code of the cons sensory experience (and painful) of the Squire, dialogue or confrontation of the code and experience is the title that could receive the first time comment. But we'll see that Sancho does not only question the veracity of the stories of chivalry is so both broader and more direct, his confidence seems shaken Quixote; He compares his condition and his squire previous farmer, he swings from one to another and pleasantly confused orders by considering the bond that unites Quixote as a relationship concerned, fine. Finance cons trust, contract or cons fidelity, or: wage against feudalism, that is the heading under which to place the second stage of the commentary. Yet the two protagonists do not leave any more here than anywhere else (except of course in the episodes where Sancho is "on mission" to Dulcinea, or in his island) and by the end of the chapter may seem instead more closely related than they ever were, and we will try to see, therefore, in the third part of the commentary that what unites them in a more steadfast as the link or money the feudal service, it is the desire, always renewed, dialogue, and this episode whose premises are such that break (the relationship and dialogue) threat, only opens in truth a more comprehensive yet the scene of dialogue, or, more precisely, a generalized dialogism
I - The code cons experience sensitive
1 - The squire had the experience of loneliness
Sancho was severely beaten, and his master has not helped (even if he has tried to do: see p. 242): this is the experience that comes through. It is undeniable. It is written all over his body. It makes him a "dumb": "I am not able to answer, and my shoulders speak enough for me" (p. 244). A little further, it is treated as "barbaric": "Sino que soy a Barbaro ... "Francois de Rosset translated as" boorish ", p. 245). The barbarian, the ears of others, emits inarticulate sounds, like a beast. Don Quixote Sancho deals "beast" ("O man, who want more than the beast of man", p. 247), and indeed, the adventure that preceded it issued unexpectedly, before the Squadron of the village laughed, a braying. Carried away by the desire to emulate and extend the irenic harangue of his master, he behaved like an animal (which would make the angel acts the beast) and received his salary (the beating). Experience leaves without words: he does push that "ouch deep and painful groans" (p. 244). Don Quixote asked the question "whether a bitter grief," "tan amargo sentimiento" the question is moved, and the word used ("sentimiento" trouble, sorrow, regret) does not fit the situation. Don Quixote, which received no blows, is not at all, is not in the correct register and do not sympathize. The squire had the experience of solitude, he expresses his feelings, as usual, by a proverb, in short, "the evil of others hang by a hair" (p. 245), "El mal pelo Ajeno of cuelga" and responds, as sentencing sententious generalities and ineffective Quixote. The two partners communicate with blows of generalities, they may not understand and they seem to have nothing more to do together: "I'd better go home," said Sancho (p. 245) who discovers that not only his master has not protected and assisted with weapons in hand, but he is unable to relieve or comfort. Quixote's words are as effective as the balm of Fierabras (see I, 10; I, 17); one side, a suffering body, the other the language of morality or pseudo-scientific tautology: "the cause of this pain is probably due, etc.. "(Bottom of page 244 - the phrase most likely idle Quixote decides that throughout the novel). They are not together at all, speak the languages most opposite possible: that of the body, that of abstract reasoning.
I - The code cons sensory experience
1 - The squire had the experience of loneliness
Sancho was severely beaten, and his master has not helped (though he tried to do: see p. 242): this is the experience that comes through. It is undeniable. It is written all over his body. It makes him a "dumb": "I am not able to answer, and my shoulders speak enough for me" (p. 244). A little further, it is treated as "barbaric": "Sino que soy ... a Barbaro, translated by François de Rosset" boorish ", p. 245). The barbarian, the ears of others, emits inarticulate sounds, like a beast. Don Quixote Sancho deals "beast" ("O Man who want more than the beast of man ", p. 247), and indeed, the adventure that preceded it issued inadvertently in front of the village laughed at the squadron, a braying. Carried away by the desire to emulate and extend the irenic harangue of his master, he behaved like an animal (which would make the angel acts the beast) and received his salary (the beating). The experience leaves him without words: he can push that "ouch deep and painful groans" (p. 244). Don Quixote asked the question "whether a bitter grief," "tan amargo sentimiento" the question is moved, and the word used ("sentimiento" punishment, sorrow, regret) does not fit the situation. Don Quixote, which received no blows, is not at all, is not in the correct register and do not sympathize. The squire had the experience of solitude, he expresses his feelings, as usual, by a proverb, in short, "the evil of others hang by a hair" (p. 245), "el mal Ajeno of cuelga pelo ", and responds as sentence sententious generalities and ineffective Quixote. The two partners communicate with blows generality they may not understand and they seem to have nothing more to do together: "I'd better go home," said Sancho (p. 245) who discovers that not only her master did not protected and assisted with weapons in hand, but he is unable to relieve or comfort. Quixote's words are as effective as the balm of Fierabras (see I, 10; I, 17); one side, a body with the other language of morality or pseudo-scientific tautologies: "the cause of this pain is probably due, etc.. "(Bottom of page 244 - the sentence most probably pointless as Quixote pronounced throughout the novel). They are not together at all, speak the languages most opposite possible: that of the body, that of abstract reasoning.
2 - It summarizes the adventures of the realistic point of view and interested
This experience of the lack of communication and sympathy, Sancho extends to all their adventures. It stops there, to be a silent and mournful, to become the talkative as we know. It describes (middle of page 246) the past adventures in a way that takes the opposite of all the novels of chivalry (except, if we are to believe the priest, I, p. 104, the novel Tiran le Blanc, which shows the knights who "eat and sleep"): "I slept on the hard ... supporting me with a piece of cheese, etc.. "We must remember here the" I "that he uses as if Sancho was alone on his path or aisle, while his master was following the" royal road "adventures: there is more, in his account , adventures, but the daily boredom and fatigue and vain. Sancho is the storyteller here really, within the meaning of the word, a "transgressor" ("prevaricor" plow through), that is to say that he, the laborer, fate, in his account, the usual path of chivalric tales. The "campo" (the open field and the battlefield) adventures in her mouth becomes a "desert" where nothing happens that inconvenience. Here too the code (the ordinary stories) is contrebattu and subverted by the experience actually lived, which produces a different kind of story. But then that is Don Quixote who has rejected the first line right, he had shown up there as the "mirror of chivalry, that is to say, as being himself evidence and guarantees the value code, but he fled "wrong" with the code and the line. The knight errant is indeed by definition one who seeks the danger and the danger Knights. However, Quixote comes to unleash the "campo", just "give way" ("dar lugar", second sentence of the chapter) to others. This is an action whose novels of chivalry does not set the example: the page is blank, then, and his Sancho writes new code, in fact, presented as a general law, "the knights errant flee and leave their good squires ground "(p. 244). This formulation is cruel to Don Quixote: Sancho does not speak to the past and do not question ("why did you run away?"), he uses this hard (are you running away, you will enter history as the fugitive knight) and the plural is hard (because you, all the knights-errant flee, you have changed the code, because what this knight in such a meeting requires all others). "This does not prevent me from saying that knights-errant etc.. "Said Sancho, it's experience that can not talk and not talk face to Quixote is one that makes no experience, learns nothing from experience (nothing ever denied him the Scripture , Articles barrel chivalrous). Everything that happens in this chapter (that is to say, the maintenance of turbulent Quixote and Sancho) derives from the "transgression" of Don Quixote, his "failure" fundamental to Sancho, the code is removed, like a sea, and he "discovered land" (p. 245, "voy descubriendo tierra"). However, as the authority on Quixote Sancho based on the prestige of the code and the ideal, here it is threatened, he tries, in the discussion, to restore it, which is not without trouble and is going stages, as we will try to see now in the third moment of this first Part of the commentary
3 - Quixote is the exegesis of his act and admonishes Sancho
Text novels of chivalry, Don Quixote claims never deviate "from a point "He claims to be as accurate to follow the requirements that a historian of chivalry, in turn, must be to tell the facts (see I, p. 68:" Do leave a single point of truth "). Here it should be, to the attention of Sancho (his audience and judge), the exegesis of its efforts to demonstrate that, contrary to appearances, he has not departed and complied with the text.
a) He is first heard by word of authority: "you must know, Sancho ..." Sancho is treated as one who does not know (an animal) who has no knowledge text it is: an ignorant and a lay next to the cleric Quixote. Quixote then covers the authority of the "stories" ("The stories are full of such examples ..."), but (surprisingly) chose not to report these stories: Don Quixote could have learned here to nominate Following several valiant knights who had to flee "in order to reserve for better times." It does not. Or indeed because, as he says, "it does not make it fun" to remember that even the novels of chivalry does not relate only glorious adventure but also mention the circumstances that are not adventures and where the valiant must curb his desire to show his prowess (reader, he may be annoyed by reading these pages). Is also that the examples he claims to have imitated in the case (he who wants to be imitator and impersonator of the best, the brave among the brave: Amadis) exist not: nowhere does it say Amadis have fled. Don Quixote embarrassed lie, so here, Sancho. Presumably, then, that Quixote renounces the litany of examples because he felt rising irritation or Sancho he conceives that, nonetheless, impose a long erudite demonstration to a charity would not hurt.
b) Nevertheless, the rhetoric here Quixote is more embarrassed than usual, not very convincing ("I'm retired, but still I did not run away), he struggles to Match the raw facts with orthodoxy chivalrous. The reader fun, and Sancho was indignant. His indignation erupts after Quixote has spent awkwardly of technical language, idle and tangled ("The cause of this pain ... and worry if he had taken more, you feel no pain") that can not hide his embarrassment. Obviously, he is more persuasive than the orator Sancho admired in the previous episode, facing the squadron of the village laughed. Sancho admires most, he denounced the contrary, the vanity of words learned. Quixote as he takes another tack: he decided to shut up and listen ("Speak, my son ... p. 245).
c) This tactic paid off: it is the turn of Sancho bother in the improbabilities and exaggerations. Sancho pay claimant twenty years (p. 247) goes far and wide to allow his master to "regain control" and the direction of the discussion. Don Quixote goes, developing its moralistic tirade ("But tell me, prevaricating ... ', p. 247), in possession of a verb that shuts the squire impressed by the Latin (" mare magnum ") and rhetorical effects ("between between between ... I say ...") he becomes the Chrysostom, Cicero and Demosthenes Sancho had several occasions to applaud. Sancho subjugated can only be silent and aware of its inadequacy (see top of p. 248), wishing to learn as a catechumen; his master again appears before him as the irresistible preacher of the ideal, that the prophet we want to follow. Command, or rather the entreaty in which Quixote ends his sermon ("Enlarge your heart ...") marks his triumph at the end of the episode. The code, in fact, than experience, eloquence idealistic about the events of the bruised body, Messianism passionate common sense person. After almost died as a knight in the eyes of Sancho, Quixote behold Christ resurrected Sancho suffering and moaning like a beast promises to reform, and Quixote's in the position to forgive the one he did not shared suffering.
forgive that which he did not share the pain.
II - Faith vs. salary
But it will not, in this chapter, only the clash between two languages: onomatopoeia, sayings, accounts Apothecary and realistic story of one hand, scholarly jargon and emphasis visionary another. Or, rather, the clash is based on a social and moral opposition. Two worlds are drawn or indicated: the world of feudal loyalty, loyalty and service of a vassal to the suzerain, and the world's most modern service cons salary. This is the same word, "vassal" and "servant" (both from "vassus"), and in this chapter, Sancho slip from one job to another, remember that he was laborer (his master's name was Thomas Carrasco, p. 246), but waives not regard himself as servant or even serving as Don Quixote, hoping his fief and vassal: the island (see p. 247 and p. 248). By trying to play both ways (the ideal and the practice), he does not know, as we will try to see what time and space in which they live, where is the truth, which is false, but comparing the two states (the state of his servant, husband and father, and his squire in hope of an island), he chose, carried away by the madness of his master, now, he complains yet.
1 - Sancho is lost between reality and fiction, Jack and Squire
1We are not very far from the village, and when Sancho served as valet and Ploughman is not remote, but it is as if the return was impossible (" I'd better, if I was a clown, I return home ... "). Quixote to his master, he learned he was a barbarian to be educated, and here it is now mid-way between two or nowhere, nowhere in the "mancha", the "spot "virgin field where Quixote was driven. It is more farmer and no longer wants to be (at the end of the novel, he is ready to be a shepherd), but given what he has to endure and all that he has already endured, he does not be squire to a knight-errant, either. Because experience taught him: "Every day I discover the little land that I can expect from your company" (p. 245). It gives an accurate description of the territory of chivalry: "paths that are not developed and pathways that have none" (p. 245, "caminos sin camino y Sendas y las carreras que no tienen"). "Pathless paths, dead ends and no market, illusions of road where no one will ever career. From this, Sancho realizes lucidly. It was enough that Quixote, by fleeing, lack of a "point", so that from this point, the whole fabric unravels or indeed appears as a tissue (fables): "May I see the burned who gave the first blow needle in chivalry, or at least at first who would be as squire fools were to be the knights errant of the past ', p. 245; "el primero dio puntada that in the andante Caballería" gave a point (sewing). Why not let Sancho does not plan this world wrought to return to his village, that is to say the real? That he does not know himself what good is reality, what is fiction, and he will not quit now, that is to say in his service as squire to Don Quixote to return to the past, that is to say his condition laborer (see top of p. 246) who fed him yet more surely and steadily. He only regrets that there has been in the past (a mythical past), a first and a first errant squire (for the mythological order thinking on "the first who did this or that", see II, p. 191-192). He regrets this blow (puntada) initial point, from which comes its present condition: it is as if he was the victim of an enchantment. But he wants to save the present which is, however, that the continuation and imitation of the generation of mad he just curse: "I said nothing of this, etc.. "(P. 245). The brood of fools would be out a race of wise men whom Quixote would be the quintessence. Quixote has not protected (like a knight must do), but Sancho does not draw the conclusion that his master is not a knight. Caught between, on one hand, his admiration for Quixote (and the prestige of the status of squire) and secondly the bitter experience he crosses, he loses his footing in his argument, reverses past and present, wisdom and madness, proceeded to count the days in time without successivity the fable of chivalry, and counting feet of land in that territory without roads and no field of dreams
2 - The accounts of Sancho wacky
Encouraged by Quixote (" look what you can and must win a month, "p. 246), Sancho undertook indeed to the accounts, that is to say to make the world of chivalric faith (which it does not matter where one gives his word) in the whole world of salaried, contract and regulations money. Sancho has been counted so absurd when he was telling the story of Quixote goatherd and his three hundred goats (I, p. 221). He then led the impatience of his master, he provokes a laugh here (top 247). But here, as then, what Quixote asks his servant is not to detail and come straight to the total; himself, Quixote does not care accounts and money (you pay your own hands, "p. 246;" you want money you have in me is burning while your wages! [...] I give you now ', p. 247). Mingle and meet, in this episode, the world of tales, fables, promises, and that of accounts and "special interest" (p. 248). The farmer, laborer, laborer Sancho calculates what it deserves its own; the paladin does not compute because, first, his ministry is helping the weak for any occasion and not to watch his interest and, secondly, the whole earth rightful without limits: " campo "the knight is not measured in ares such as field laborer, is the ideal space opened by adventure met, it is small as a point (the moment of adventure and test) and as vast as the sea or the empire as undetermined in which floats the island that the squire will to govern. This ideal space, it is nice to see Sancho surveyed and convert currency stumbling. It evaluates the surface like a surveyor of land where he lies down to sleep ("count me seven feet of earth ..., p. 245), but to show that this account is useless since, for knights, the world is open and is owned by anyone: "If you want more, take in as much again. It is up to you to empty the pot. Lie down at your leisure. The Knight (and his squire) are ideally "at ease" in the open world - if just sleeping on the hard way. Equally absurdly, Sancho wants to get paid the promise of the island (p. 247). Throughout this episode, where coarse Sancho tries to erode his master, he seeks to assert the rights of employees and valet in a world where he can not argue at all because in this world, he n'yad ' some more time and more extensive, not present. In doing so, he shows he can not renounce the world of his master, he can not return home "with his wife and children" (p. 245): he has risen to the ideal of his master, he is hooked
3 - The world of "memorias" of the faith and promises continued its course
If, Indeed, Don Quixote (that is to say the dream and ideal) triumph at the end of the episode and regain its glory, this is not because the attempted extortion of Sancho is too coarse . Sancho advance amount "of" twenty years and three months, more or less "for the duration of the promise, he can imagine that in the world of knights, durations are nothing alike, and that his master, "who knows a point more than the devil" (p. 245), will find a way, magically, to pay. But here Quixote who has a more "realistic" ("there are twenty-five days since we left our village," p. 246; "I am left in the whole course of our outputs for two months just ', p. 247). Sancho shows, anyway, he lives too - despite his complaints, and although he can not help but look in all circumstances, his personal benefit - the ideal world of chivalry. Otherwise, if his dearest wish was not eventually become a model for Esquire, he would not be affected by the reproaches of Quixote (bottom of page 247). He says, "a doleful voice" (top 248): "doleful" indicating that he is suffering now, not in the flesh, but morale suffers. The victory marks Quixote at this, he has transmuted the physical pain of his valet in contrition and repentance, and the whole discussion is that the expression "amargo sentimiento" first used by Quixote despite the reality of facts, now give the proper description of the mood of Sancho. Quixote seconded by admiring the ingenuity of Sancho, was able to make that reality matches his desire and his ideal self-sufficient. Sancho (as if by magic) forgot his sufferings, and the narrator reminds us that, while the squire sleeps and moans: "Sancho was a very painful night, because the dew made the most significant beating." There were beatings in fact, that the messianic end of the episode would be forgotten. After being shaken for a moment and threatened to switch to the world of contract and savings, the world of the ideal found its footing. It can also be called, this ideal world, the world of "recollections" in the words the narrator uses in teaching us that Don Quixote has spent that night "in addition to continuous memorias" (his ordinary dreams, "said Francois de Rosset ). Don Quixote remembers what he has read and seen (in the novels and the romance of his life), he recites his text, the recitation takes the place of inner life. This recitation was interrupted by the unexpected leak and claims Sancho, but the tear is repaired, and the tissue of fables is again united and continuous. The trip chivalry (that is to say the book) continues, as indicated by the last sentence of the chapter: they are moving "towards the edges of the famous Ebro ...." Why "famous"? Because named in the chronicles, romances and novels. This is not the real river, and the reality that suffering Sancho tried to argue, dissolves. The ideal prevails on the socio-economic, and Sancho, who wanted to get paid pledges will be paid as promised. The "thou shalt" argues its magic.
We have read the chapter, a sort of first point of view of Quixote (making an effort to restore its authority) a second time from the perspective of Sancho (taking the opportunity to claim his rights - from valet? squire? - and oscillating between lucidity and silliness, bitterness and fervor). But we should not overemphasize the contrast between the two players: in fact, in the discussion, they cooperate. They take equal pleasure in dialogue than that throughout the novel, the characters are also "hear tell tales."
III - The relationship of dialogue
repeatedly reading this chapter, the reader may wonder on the "sincerity" of Quixote and Sancho, to what extent are they trying to manipulate each other? Play? Are they serious? What are they looking for really? All that being said here is he said that to pass time and forget the pain? For there is something on which they agree, both of them, there must be dialogue, it must not stop this trade, this trade, which is neither the service ordered by his oath, or service ordered by the interest. Don Quixote by Cervantes not only to contrast the conflicting worlds and draw the contrast, as here, comic effects. It offers a kind of mediation and resolution of oppositions and contradictions, it does so by inventing a generalized dialogism.
1 - Rather than the sea of silence and separation dialogues
The Quixote is a fabric, a meeting of dialogues and adventures, it seems, are just to generate discourse and dialogued exegeses. This is the case with this chapter, which brings a long tail of brief comments to the braying adventure of the squire and knight of the leak. First note simply that are here, dialogue, then there might be something else. The two partners could be quiet and walk side by side in silence. They could "break off" and go their separate ways. But Sancho did not leave, he said he had better go, it makes a difference, it is not even mine to "turn the reins at any time. A link retains the two men together is something that faith in the fulfillment of the promises and the lure of wages. And for his part, Don Quixote, when he gives leave to Sancho (p. 247: "I would rather remain poor and without a penny of that me with such a wicked squire "), should not be taken literally, since a moment later, he urges instead to" enter "into the" mare magnum "stories of chivalry. This expression of "mare magnum" holds the attention. That may be an allusion to the famous passage from Ovid ("Suave mari magno ..."). This would then indicate that the knight Quixote is not a man to contemplate the edge (e terra ") work and sufferings of others (see, for example, in the previous chapter, p. 238-239, Quixote looks at how to first on high armies before descending mingle with them: he can not stay out of the case of `labor alterius"). The knight, the hero - and the sailor, Odysseus or Columbus, is an essential type - flows into the adventures as a sea, it is taken by them, and the plain "trackless" Sancho had described, c ' is the liquid plain. When Sancho "discovered land", took up land (top 245), Quixote is the "mare magnum" and one might say that their opposition is that of the sea and land, the wanderer and the tiller. But it is also an invitation to discussion, "thou shalt not over a step with me, "Quixote to Sancho, but they are pursuing together is their" navigation ", that is to say, although the quest for adventure but also their heated argument. These "Sendas que no tienen las" Sancho speaks of these "paths that lead nowhere," can be the path of dialogue: they do indeed lead to nothing (at the end of chapter) except on reminder of the promises and hopes, and not binding resolutions (Sancho said that he is determined to "draw strength from his weakness).
2 - Inequality and equality conditions in the dialogue
That discussion itself is interesting, apart from its subject and its result, which is indicated by a phrase put into the Quixote's mouth (bottom of p. 245): "So speak, my son, and tell you everything that comes to mind and lips, as long as you do not feel pain, I will have fun for the boredom that will give me your impertinence. " It is pleasant in itself, listen to the presentation of an opposing view, receive the contradiction, even if Sancho's speeches are qualified in advance of impertinence, "impertinencias. Talks like a squire Sancho does not speak to his master Quixote recalls the rule and put a mirror under his eyes, but at the same time he leaves his squire develop his impertinence, and in this manner produces a curious effect dialogism between the squire ideal as it appears in novels ("if you find that squire has never said or thought what you just said ..., p. 247) and the present and imperfect squire what the peasant Sancho. Certainly, finally, Sancho promised to return to itself and to try to comply the model. But in the meantime, between the "ouch" of the early and fervent promises at the end, all the dialogue has developed, raised, at times, with questions whose function, it seems, purely rhetorical, is to support the discussion: "How you think there that I have to give more than you gave Thomas Carrasco? Asks example Quixote (p. 246), which allows Sancho to the state of its accounts. As Sancho heard his master's pleasure to talk, likes to hear as Quixote Sancho, many passages of the novel, especially the latter, say so. Gradually in the novel (it is a ways to read it), the knight learns to listen and appreciate his squire, to admit to himself in the debate almost as a peer. Once a master allows a servant to answer him, that is to say, to hear the master as an "I", it creates a kind of equality: the essential equality of "I" and " you "in interlocution (equality symbolized perhaps" tree "by the beech and elm, two trees equal in size and dignity, which settled their separate Quixote and Sancho overnight, P. 248). Talking trunk pain, and forget also the inequality of conditions, and at the end of the chapter is not so much as a servant than as a disciple to be educated that recognizes the authority of Sancho Quixote, it is true that squire is not confined to his condition as a farm hand: it is intended to become a knight, is the advantage that Sancho can find to represent themselves as squire, and it is through interviews, speeches and arguments that Sancho gradually learns and forms.
3 - dialogue, education and self-awareness
But this chapter does not only hear a conversation between Quixote and Sancho, any dialogue with them all. Nothing speaks without receiving its response. The "dialogism" seems to be here, deliberately, the principle of the invention. "In Don Quixote," said Bakhtin, "the novelistic discourse is put to the test of life, of reality" and "the fullness of the views embodied apsire that the novel is not the full logic systematic points of view as possible is the fullness of concrete historical and socio-ideological languages, entered into mutual action at a given time. "
a) Let us review, first, the beginning of the chapter. The second sentence answers to the first, is" covered "by the first, as a general truth (" When the brave man ... ") covers a particular case or as much of a syllogism containing the minor. It is a remarkable early chapter (no other examples in the novel) has not resumed immediately wire the particular story of Quixote, but takes a moment on a "superior." In short gap in the narrative that indicates that there is indeed something to cover, to overcome: access cowardly knight's (although there is not just cowardice, when a knight armed with a spear, to escape the gun, the musket). Somehow, the first sentence contains the code (the old, unchanging) and the following quips ("took to their heels and without recollection of Sancho ...") and brings the "modern". This should start in two stages to this chapter copy of the polyphony of the Quixote "polyphony" that is to say, according to Bakhtin, literary discourse's ability to take into account all other non-literary discourse. The Quixote is specially organized for the exercise of that capacity, since the hero is an open book while walking in the countryside and interrogated, abused and sometimes silenced (as here) the reader "barbarian" (but enthralled) What the peasant Sancho. The syllogism early chapter could be stated as follows: the valiant flee - Quixote is brave - so he flees, he flees into the actual discussion, twists, falls silent, questions, lets talk, but returned at the end to make the peroration . In any case, the book-knight knows that sometimes close to open space and time for discussion with the reader dissatisfied, or "disappointed." Sancho's sentence by which he expresses his disappointment ("the knights errant flee") is thus a response to their rejection and all of chivalric literature.
b) We must also take the "dialogism" in a pleasant and hear, for example, the narrator's dialogue with itself and with the same language, about the metaphor of the foot trees ("... always the feet, not hands), or represent themselves as this kind of dialogue in sleep or half-asleep pursued Quixote and Sancho's a moaning (because the "serene" increases his pain, despite his good intentions entities), and the other, lost in "recollections", reciting or singing odes to Dulcinea (we know this is how he spends the best part of his nights). Nothing in this chapter, which receives its counterpoint and is somehow the lesson narrative of Master Pierre (aka Gines), which here is not chosen, "not so much Embroidery ...'m your chant, without seeking counterpoints "(II, p. 228). It is also pleasing to hear Sancho talk with himself, that is to say, the squire with the peasant ("Count me, brother squire, seven feet of earth, and if you want more .." ). This duplication is significant: it is the dialogue of reality (sleeping on hard) and the ideal (the whole earth belongs to the knight errant and his squire, they sleep "on earth") or, once time, the account ("count me") and storytelling.
c) This power of duplication, which makes it able to use multiple languages, multiple registers, Perhaps the main value of "dialogism." The words Sancho intended as a brother ('brother squire ") indicate he realizes his hard lot, but Sancho is being shared by himself" dialogical "and never ceasing to be questions and answers. Finally, the prestige of the discourse of chivalry, the bookish and clever use of language prevails. It is towards this purpose then Sancho will rise. But if Quixote triumph is that he is also able to do (seems he) use parody and humorous tactic of his idiom ("tell me, prevaricating écuyéresques orders of knights errant, see also the use of "tu" and "you" to speak to Sancho), able to hear and imitate the language of Sancho (make, for example, proverb to proverb), and especially able to let his servant, even if it is through tactics. Quixote's speech listening accounting Sancho, and then demonstrates the superiority of the chivalric tale, but the demonstration was made in the dialogue, and, finally, the dialogic principle appears in this chapter as a means of awareness and as a means of education. Quixote would it is not the master - Sancho would not, as he did at the end of the novel, their story continues (in the form of pastoral example) - it was not simply " open to dialogue ".
Conclusion
This chapter comes after comments and an adventure that is not one which is the opposite of an adventure, if adventure is what is the knight, and if the knight who seeks adventure: here, Quixote has fled and became ever more anachronistic, unarmed time to fire muskets. And, just as one wonders "what adventure" (the meaning of Don Quixote by Milan Kundera) and we ran after the adventure, as we seek in this chapter, what a dialogue.
The discussion focuses first on the adventure that has just ended, she then expanded to all the adventures already met, and, even more generally, to the couple's life knight-squire, more random than their intended destiny of sedentary farmer and his master villagers. As the meeting warrior, Quixote seems anachronistic in the discussion: the words he uses ("prevaricating écuyéresques orders, etc..") are the equivalent of his spear and helmet: they should do nothing. Sancho, however, they impress. The naive peasant is the right partner was Don Quixote, and this chapter is one of those shows that this couple only by the grotesque and the dialogue. It is certainly the code of the knight wins, so that the journey and the story continues, and that "at daybreak, they leave towards the same dream (that is to say, grudgingly or not, the valet adopts the dream and the idiom of his teacher). But this community of purpose and idiom does not happen by itself: more than one code can be heard and argued, Sancho was a voice, he speaks as no servant speak in any romance of chivalry of Don Quixote predecessor.
This polyphony, the cohabitation of languages and points of view, raw interjections and words learned, is the modernity of the novel. Here it is staged so that the dialogue eating adventure that had aroused. But what is this dialogue? Is it true? The two adversaries meet, they really get along? Is there never deal at the price of indoctrination or colonization of a language by another? What agreement? The questions that questioned the nature of the adventure are now directed to the phenomenon of dialogue itself, and this is undoubtedly an important lesson of Don Quixote: there are adventures "soft" (as Sancho will do more below, p. 477, assuming), not belligerent. Adventure (Quixote in the pre-democratic), the dialogue itself, the meeting of idioms and statements; authority (the master's valet) arises only after a kind of negotiation and only after the complainant and mournful (Sancho) was listening. The adventure of the master is no longer the only, is not monophonic, it passes the test of dialogue.
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Philippe Marty, "Commentary composed of Chapter II, 28 Don Quixote," in Loxias, Loxias 19, put online November 30, 2007, URL: Comment by Don Quixote, Chapter II, 28
